What term best describes airborne volcanic activity including ash and lava flow?

The term "volcanic action" specifically refers to the processes and phenomena associated with volcanic eruptions, including the release of ash, lava flow, gases, and other materials during an eruption. This term encapsulates the destructive and transformative nature of volcanoes, as they can impact the environment and communities through both the immediate volcanic materials emitted into the atmosphere and the broader geological consequences.

In this context, "volcanic action" accurately reflects the airborne aspects, such as ash clouds which can affect air quality and aviation safety, as well as the ground movement caused by lava flow. Other terms, while related to natural processes, do not specifically capture the unique characteristics associated with volcanic events. For example, geothermal action pertains to heat from the Earth’s interior but does not necessarily include the active eruption or airborne aspects. Seismic activity is related to tectonic movements, primarily earthquakes rather than volcanic eruptions. Meteorological events refer to weather-related phenomena and are distinct from geological occurrences such as those produced by volcanoes. Thus, "volcanic action" is the most appropriate term for describing the risks and activities associated with airborne volcanic phenomena.